Communist Manifesto

It has agglomerated production, and has concentrated property in few hands. The necessary consequences of this was political centralisation. Independent, or but loosely connected provinces, with separate interests, laws, governments and systems of taxation, become lumped together into one nation, with one government, one code of laws, one national class interest, one frontier and one customs tariff.

The bourgeoise, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all, even the most barbaran, nations into civilisation. the cheap prices of its commodities are the heavy artillery with which it battles down all Chinese walls, with which forces the barbarians’ intensely obstiel hater of foreigners to captitude. It compels them to introduce which it calls civilisation into their midst, to become bourgeois themselves. In one word, it rates a world after its own image.

The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionizing the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and with them the whole relations of society. Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered form was, on the contrary,the first candidate of existence for all earlier industrial cluster?. Constant revolutionizing of production, uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones.

The bourgoisie, whenever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the notkey feudal ties that bound man to his “natural superiors”, and has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than callover? “cash payment”. It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of religious fervour, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the water of egoistic calculation. It has revolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of the numberless and indefeasible charted freedoms, has set up that since, unconscionable freedom - Free trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, naked, shameless, direct, bastol? exploitation.